Using Community-Based Participatory Research Methods to Inform the Development of Medically Tailored Food Kits for Hispanic/Latine Adults with Hypertension: A Qualitative Study.

The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan is the most effective dietary intervention for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but it excludes the consideration of culture and cost. The Hispanic/Latine population is disproportionately affected by CVD, with risks increasing if persons are accustomed to a Westernized diet. This research aims to understand the cultural dietary practices aligned with a DASH eating plan and the social determinants of health impacting fruit and vegetable (F/V) consumption among immigrant Hispanic/Latine individuals at a community-based clinic in Minnesota. Utilizing community-based participatory research methods, a community survey informed the development of DASH-focused, medically tailored food kits of varying F/V modalities. Qualitative feedback was sought out regarding the kits when presented to 15 individuals during in-depth interview sessions to validate the cultural appropriateness of food kits for clinical use. Box A was the highest rated kit (66.7%) and consisted of fresh F/V. The average F/V consumption per day was 2.6 ± 1.4 servings. The food insecurity questionnaires showed high/marginal (40%), low (53.3%), and very low (6.7%) food security. The barriers to consuming F/V were money, time, and transportation. Understanding cultural dietary practices related to the DASH eating plan is necessary to mitigate CVD risk and provide inclusive medical nutrition therapy for Hispanic/Latine populations.

Diet Quality among Pre-Adolescent African American Girls in a Randomized Controlled Obesity Prevention Intervention Trial.

Consuming an unhealthy diet increases health risks. This study assessed the impact of a culturally adapted behaviorally innovative obesity prevention intervention (The Butterfly Girls and the Quest for Founder's Rock) on diet quality in pre-adolescent non-Hispanic Black/African American girls. The RCT consisted of three groups (experimental, comparison, and waitlist control); block randomization allocated participants to each group. The two treatment groups varied in terms of whether or not they set goals. Data were collected at baseline (prior to receiving the intervention), post 1 (3 months post-baseline), and post 2 (6 months post-baseline). Two dietitian-assisted 24 h dietary recalls were collected at each timepoint. Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) was used to determine diet quality. A total of 361 families were recruited; 342 completed baseline data collection. No significant differences in overall HEI score or component scores were observed. To attain more equitable health outcomes, future efforts to promote dietary intake change among at-risk children should explore other behavior change procedures and employ more child-friendly dietary assessment methods.

Trends in Dietary Vitamin A Intake Among US Adults by Race and Ethnicity, 2003-2018.

This study uses data from the 2003-2004 to 2017-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) to assess whether a difference exists in dietary vitamin A intake as a marker of consumption of vitamin A­rich foods among Black, Hispanic, and White adults in the US.

Preferencias y factores que influyen en la ingesta alimentaria en universitarios mexicanenses según el sexo / Preferences and factors influencing food intake among Mexican university students according to sex

Fundamentos: El estudio tiene como objetivo describir la preferencia alimentaria de universitarios del Estado de México, México, según el sexo. Métodos: La muestra fue constituida por 270 universitarios pertenecientes al Estado de México, México. Para determinar las preferencias se utilizó el cuestionario para evaluar el comportamiento alimentario en estudiantes mexicanos del área de la salud. Se obtuvieron los resultados a partir de porcentajes y frecuencias. Resultados: Las preferencias se determinan principalmente por el sabor de los alimentos, de ahí que los alimentos dulces sean de gran agrado sobre todo en universitarias. Además, se encontró mayor consumo de carne que cualquier otro alimento consumido durante los tiempos de comida, siendo más elevado en los hombres universitarios. Conclusiones: La alimentación de la muestra universitaria es aparentemente sana, evidenciado por los factores que intervienen en la elección de alimentos, así como también aquellos alimentos que son más de su agrado. (AU)

Background: The study aims to describe the food preference of university students from the State of Mexico, Mexico, according to sex. Methods: The sample consisted of 270 university students from the State of Mexico, Mexico. The questionnaire to evaluate eating behavior in Mexican health students was used to determine preferences. Results were obtained from percentages and frequencies. Results: Preferences are determined mainly by the taste of food, hence sweet foods are very popular, especially among university students. In addition, greater consumption of meat was found than any other food consumedduring mealtimes, being higher in university men. Conclusions: The nutrition of the university sample is apparently healthy, evidenced by the factors involved in the choice of food, as well as those foods that are more to their liking. (AU)

Assessment of Dietary Intake in Three Cohorts of Advanced Age in Two Countries: Methodology Challenges.

OBJECTIVES: Dietary intake information is key to understanding nutrition-related outcomes. Intake changes with age and some older people are at increased risk of malnutrition. Application, difficulties, and advantages of the 24-hour multiple pass recall (24hr-MPR) dietary assessment method in three cohorts of advanced age in the United Kingdom (UK) and New Zealand (NZ) is described. PARTICIPANTS: The Newcastle 85+ study (UK) recruited a single year birth cohort of people aged 85 years during 2006-7. LiLACS NZ recruited a 10-year birth cohort of Maori (indigenous New Zealanders) aged 80-90 years and a single year birth cohort of non-Maori aged 85 years in 2010. MEASUREMENTS: Two 24hr-MPR were conducted on non-consecutive days by trained assessors. Pictorial resources and language were adapted for the New Zealand and Maori contexts. Detailed methods are described. RESULTS: In the Newcastle 85+ study, 805 (93%) participants consented to the 24-MPR, 95% of whom completed two 24hr-MPR; in LiLACS NZ, 218 (82%) consented and 203 (76%) Maori and 353 (90%) non-Maori completed two 24hr-MPR. Mean time to complete each 24hr-MPR was 22 minutes in the Newcastle 85+ study, and 45 minutes for Maori and 39 minutes for non-Maori in LiLACS NZ. Dietary assessment of participants residing in residential care and those requiring proxy respondents were successfully included in both studies. Most participants (83-94%) felt that data captured by the 24hr-MPR reflected their usual dietary intake. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary assessment using 24hr-MPR was successful in capturing detailed dietary data including information on portion size and time of eating for over 1300 octogenarians in the UK and New Zealand (Maori and non- Maori). The 24hr-MPR is an acceptable method of dietary assessment in this age group.

Changes in the frequency of food consumption by adults/elderly according to food insecurity: evidence from a longitudinal study in the northeastern semi-arid region, Brazil, 2011-2014 / Mudanças na frequência do consumo alimentar de adultos/idosos segundo a situação de insegurança alimentar: evidências a partir de um estudo longitudinal no semiárido nordestino, Brasil, 2011-2014

ABSTRACT Objective: To prospectively analyze changes in the frequency of individual food consumption of adults/elderly people according to different food insecurity outcomes over time. Methods: Population-based longitudinal study carried out in 2011 (358 individuals) and 2014 (301 individuals) in a municipality in the northeastern semi-arid region. The frequency of food consumption of 37 foods in adults/elderly was assessed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire and food insecurity using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Differences in the proportion of frequency of consumption of each food at baseline (2011) and follow-up (2014) were calculated according to longitudinal categories of change in food insecurity. The McNemar test for paired samples was applied to estimate differences between 2011 and 2014. Results: Among the individuals studied, 38.9% and 30.6% were classified in food security and food insecurity in the two periods (2011 and 2014), respectively, and 23.2% changed from food insecurity in 2011 to food security in 2014. Increase in the frequency of food consumed in the three groups of food insecurity outcomes. Only in the food insecurity group at both times, an increase in the consumption frequency of soft drinks and industrialized juices was observed. In the three groups, when comparing 2011 and 2014, there was an increase in the consumption of local agricultural foods, such as mangoes, sweet potatoes and a decrease in the consumption of pumpkin. Conclusion: Overcoming food insecurity results in positive changes in food consumption, and seasonality is a factor that promotes and limits food consumption.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar prospectivamente mudanças na frequência do consumo alimentar individual de adultos/idosos segundo diferentes desfechos de insegurança alimentar no tempo. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal de base populacional realizado em 2011 (358 indivíduos) e 2014 (301 indivíduos) em um município do semiárido nordestino. Foi avaliada a frequência de consumo alimentar de 37 alimentos em adultos/idosos por Questionário de Frequência Alimentar e a insegurança alimentar pela Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar. Foram calculadas as diferenças na proporção da frequência de consumo de cada alimento no baseline (2011) e follow-up (2014) segundo categorias longitudinais de mudança na insegurança alimentar. Foi aplicado o teste de McNemar para amostras pareadas para estimar diferenças entre 2011 e 2014. Resultados: Dentre os indivíduos estudados, 38,9% e 30,6% foram classificados em segurança e insegurança alimentar nos dois tempos (2011 e 2014), respectivamente, e 23,2% mudaram da insegurança alimentar em 2011 para segurança alimentar em 2014. Houve aumento na frequência dos alimentos consumidos nos três grupos de desfechos da insegurança alimentar. Apenas no grupo insegurança alimentar nos dois tempos, observou-se aumento na frequência alimentar de refrigerantes e sucos industrializados. Nos três grupos, ao comparar 2011 e 2014, houve aumento no consumo de alimentos da vocação agrícola local, como manga, batata-doce e diminuição do consumo de jerimum/abóbora. Conclusão: A superação da insegurança alimentar resulta em mudanças positivas no consumo de alimentos, e a sazonalidade é um fator promotor e limitante do consumo de alimentos.

Consumption of free sugars and dietary sources in the diet of university students according to socioeconomic and lifestyle factors / Consumo de açúcar livre e fontes dietéticas na dieta de estudantes universitários segundo fatores socioeconômicos e de estilo de vida

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the consumption of free sugars and associated factors in the diet of university students entering full-time courses at a public university in Mato Grosso. Methods Cross-sectional study with students aged 16 to 26 years in the first semester of 2016, 2017, and 2018. Average sugar consumption was estimated using a 24-hour diet recall, evaluating the percentage of free sugars in total energy intake and the prevalence of consumption greater than 10.0% of total energy intake, according to socioeconomic and lifestyle variables, stratified by sex, and the foods that most contributed to its consumption. Results A total of 1,063 students were evaluated, the percentage of free sugars in the students' diet was on average 14.3% among men and 15.4% among women, with the prevalence of consumption above 10.0% also being higher among women (72.6 vs. 66.6%). There was a direct relationship between the participation of free sugars in the highest tertiles of energy intake, and the main food groups sources of sugar were desserts, juices, soft drinks, and coffee. There was a significant association between courses outside the health sciences, tobacco use, and unsatisfactory meal consumption profile with higher consumption of free sugars among women. Among men, sugar consumption was higher among those who were not overweight compared to those who were overweight. Conclusion The consumption of free sugars is high among university students, being associated with higher energy consumption, especially for sweetened beverages.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o consumo de açúcar livre e os fatores associados na alimentação de universitários ingressantes em cursos de período integral em uma universidade pública de Mato Grosso. Métodos Estudo transversal com estudantes de 16 a 26 anos de idade no primeiro semestre de 2016, 2017 e 2018 (n=1.063). O consumo médio de açúcar foi estimado por meio de recordatório de 24 horas, sendo avaliada a participação do açúcar livre na ingestão energética total e a prevalência de participação do consumo superior a 10,0% da ingestão energética, segundo variáveis socioeconômicas, de estilo de vida e fatores dietéticos, , estratificadas por sexo. Resultados A participação do açúcar livre na dieta foi, em média, de 14,3% entre os homens e 15,4% entre as mulheres, sendo a prevalência de consumo acima de 10,0% também maior entre as mulheres (72,6 vs. 66,6%). Foi maior a participação do açúcar livre nos tercis mais elevados de ingestão energética, sendo verificado que os principais grupos de alimentos fontes foram sobremesas, sucos, refrigerantes e café. Entre as mulheres, verificou-se maior consumo de açúcar livre entre aquelas que faziam uso de tabaco e que apresentavam perfil de consumo de refeições insatisfatório. Por outro lado, menor consumo de açúcar livre foi observado entre as estudantes da área da saúde. Entre os homens, o consumo de açúcar livre foi maior entre aqueles sem excesso de peso, comparados aos com excesso. Conclusão O consumo de açúcar livre foi elevado entre estudantes universitários, sendo maior entre os estudantes com maior consumo energético. Verificou-se que as bebidas adoçadas estiveram entre as principais fontes.

Food practices and nutritional status of university students who use the University Restaurant / Práticas alimentares e o estado nutricional entre estudantes universitários usuários do Restaurante-Escola

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the food practices and nutritional status of students who use the University Restaurant at a public university. Methods This is a cross-sectional study carried out with 958 university students. Data related to regular eating practices (≥5 times/week), routine food consumption and nutritional status were collected. The association between University Restaurant attendance and dietary practices and body mass index was reviewed by bivariate logistic regression model and multiple regression. Results Students who attended the University Restaurant three or more times a week were more likely to regularly consume beans (OR: 1.35, p=0.041) and fresh salad (OR: 1.77, p<0.001) and less likely to have afternoon snack (OR: 0.68; p=0.008). In addition, an association between soda consumption and overweight was observed. Conclusion Thus, the importance of strategies that seek to promote incentives for healthy eating and lifestyle practices in the university population become evident.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as práticas alimentares e o estado nutricional de estudantes usuários do restaurante-escola em uma universidade pública. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com 958 estudantes universitários. Foram coletados dados relacionados às práticas alimentares regulares (≥5 vezes/semana), à rotina alimentar e ao estado nutricional. A associação entre a frequência de ida ao restaurante-escola, práticas alimentares e índice de massa corporal foi analisada por modelo de regressão logística bivariada e regressão múltipla. Resultados Os estudantes que frequentaram o restaurante-escola 3 ou mais vezes por semana apresentaram maiores chances de consumir regularmente feijão (OR: 1,35, p=0,041) e salada crua (OR: 1,77, p<0,001) e menos chances de realizar o lanche da tarde (OR: 0,68; p=0,008). Além disso, foi observada associação entre o consumo de refrigerante e o excesso de peso. Conclusão Dessa forma, evidencia-se a importância de estratégias que busquem promover incentivos a práticas alimentares e de vida saudáveis na população universitária.

Factors associated with non-frequent breakfast consumption in adolescents (EVA-JF Study) / Fatores associados ao consumo não frequente de café da manhã em adolescentes (Estudo EVA-JF)

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the association of infrequent breakfast consumption with socioeconomic, behavioral, and individual factors in a sample of Brazilian adolescents from public schools. Methods Cross-sectional study with adolescents aged from 14 to 19 from public schools in Juiz de Fora, state of Minas Gerais. The frequency of consumption of breakfast, snacks, soft drinks, industrialized drinks, the usual food consumption, body mass index, body fat percentage, and waist circumference were evaluated. Other socioeconomic, behavioral, and individual data were obtained through questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis and hierarchical selection of variables were used to verify the associated factors. Results The sample consisted of 805 adolescents; 53.4% reported infrequent breakfast consumption. Through hierarchical logistic regression analysis, it was evidenced that the house occupancy status (OR: 0.618; 95%CI: 0.4410.865; p=0.005) was the distal factor associated with infrequent breakfast consumption; the intermediate factors were the consumption of industrialized beverages (OR: 0.658; 95%CI: 0.486-0.890; p=0.007) and percentage of energy from processed foods (OR: 0.935; 95%CI: 0.907-0.964; p<0.001); and the proximal factors were the male gender (OR: 0.696; 95%CI: 0.520-0.932; p=0.0015) and being nonwhite (OR: 1.529; 95%CI: 1.131-2.069; p=0.006). Conclusion Male adolescents who lived in owned houses, with occasional consumption of industrialized beverages and a higher percentage of energy derived from processed foods, had lower chances of infrequent breakfast consumption, while non-white adolescents had higher chances.

RESUMO Objetivo Estimar as associações do consumo não frequente de café da manhã com fatores socioeconômicos, comportamentais e individuais em uma amostra de adolescentes de escolas públicas. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com adolescentes de 14 a 19 anos matriculados em escolas públicas de Juiz de Fora (MG). Foram avaliadas a frequência de consumo de café da manhã, lanches, refrigerantes e bebidas industrializadas, consumo alimentar usual, IMC, percentual de gordura corporal e perímetro da cintura. Demais dados socioeconômicos, comportamentais e individuais foram obtidos através de questionários. A análise de regressão logística e seleção hierárquica das variáveis foram usadas para verificar fatores associados. Resultados A amostra foi composta por 805 adolescentes e 53,4% deles relataram consumo não frequente de café da manhã. Através da análise de regressão logística hierarquizada, evidenciou-se que a ocupação em domicílio próprio (OR: 0,618; IC95%: 0,441-0,865; p=0,005) foi o fator distal associado ao consumo não frequente de café da manhã, além dos fatores intermediários "consumo não frequente de bebidas industrializadas" (OR: 0,658; IC95%: 0,486-0,890; p=0,007) e "percentual de energia proveniente de alimentos processados" (OR: 0,935; IC95%: 0,907-0,964; p<0,001) e dos fatores proximais "sexo masculino" (OR: 0,696; IC95%: 0,520-0,932; p=0,0015) e "cor da pele não branca" (OR: 1,529; IC95%: 1,131-2,069; p=0,006). Conclusão Adolescentes que residiam em domicílios próprios, com consumo não frequente de bebidas industrializadas, com maior percentual de energia proveniente de alimentos processados e do sexo masculino apresentaram menores chances de consumo não frequente de café da manhã, enquanto, adolescentes com cor da pele não branca apresentaram maiores chances.

Processed and ultra-processed foods consumption in adults and its relationship with quality of life and quality of sleep / Consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados em adultos e sua relação com qualidade de vida e qualidade do sono

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods in Paraguayan adults and its relationship with quality of life and sleep quality. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out on Paraguayan adults in May 2022. An online survey was applied in which sociodemographic data, frequency of food consumption using the NOVA classification and Pan American Health Organization criteria, quality of life evaluated by the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions and report of hours of sleep were collected. Results: A total of 273 Paraguayan adults were included in the study, of which 71.1% were female, 51.6% lived in the capital, 53.1% were single, 66% had a university educational level and the average age was 36.48±13.2. Regarding the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods, the critical nutrients most consumed daily were free sugars by 34.0%, and fats by 23.4% of the population. The global quality of life index was low (0,58±0,05) and 69.0% reported insufficient hours of sleep. Statistically significant relationships were found between the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods with quality of life and quality of sleep (p<0.05 for both). Conclusion: The most consumed critical nutrients in the Paraguayan adult population are free sugars and fats, finding a significant relationship between the consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods with quality of life and quality of sleep.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados em adultos paraguaios e sua relação com a qualidade de vida e qualidade do sono. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo transversal em adultos paraguaios em maio de 2022. Foi aplicado um questionário online onde foram questionados datos sociodemográficos, frequência de consumo alimentar pela classificação NOVA e critérios da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, qualidade de vida avaliada pelo Qualidade de Vida Europeia-5 Dimensões - foram coletados e relato de horas de sono. Resultados: Foram incluídas no estudo 273 paraguaios, das quais 71,1% eram do sexo feminino, 51,6% residiam na capital, 53,1% eram solteiras, 66,0% tinham nível universitário e a média de idade foi de 36,48±13,2 anos. Em relação ao consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados, os nutrientes críticos mais consumidos diariamente foram os açúcares livres por 34.0% e as gorduras por 23,4% da população. O índice global de qualidade de vida foi baixo (0,58±0,05) e 69.0% relataram horas insuficientes de sono. Foram encontradas relações estatisticamente significativas entre o consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados com qualidade de vida e qualidade do sono (p<0,05 para ambos). Conclusão: Os nutrientes críticos mais consumidos na população adulta paraguaia são os açúcares e gorduras livres, encontrando uma relação significativa entre o consumo de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados com a qualidade de vida e qualidade do sono.

Consumption of differently processed food by public school adolescents / Consumo alimentar de adolescentes de escolas públicas segundo grau de processamento industrial dos alimentos

ABSTRACT Objective To characterize food consumption, considering the degree of industrial food processing by public schools' adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional study involving adolescents aged 14 to 19 years, of both genders, attending public schools in Juiz de Fora, MG. Food consumption was assessed using two 24-hour dietary recalls. Foods were classified into three groups according to the degree of industrial processing: (1) unprocessed foods or minimally processed foods, culinary ingredients and preparations based on these foods; (2) processed foods; (3) ultra-processed foods. In addition, weight and height information was collected, with subsequent calculation of body mass index/age to assess the individuals' nutritional status according to the gender. Pearson's chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed, adopting a value of p<0.05. Results The sample consisted of 804 adolescents, with a predominance of females (57.5%). In the sample, 29.9% and 26.1%, of girls and boys, respectively, were overweight. There was a difference in the daily consumption of ready-made sweet-tasting foods, being higher in females (26.2%) when compared to males (18.1%), whereas the consumption of soft drinks (one to four times a week) was 47.2% and 55.6% in girls and boys, respectively (p<0.05). Higher consumption of ultra-processed foods was observed in females (p=0.02) and processed foods in males (p=0.008). Conclusion There was a high contribution of ultra-processed foods in the diet of adolescents in public schools; a high prevalence of overweight was observed in both genders.

RESUMO Objetivo Caracterizar o consumo alimentar através do grau de processamento industrial dos alimentos consumidos por adolescentes matriculados em escolas públicas. Métodos Estudo transversal com adolescentes de 14 a 19 anos de ambos os sexos matriculados em escolas públicas de Juiz de Fora, MG. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado através de dois recordatórios de 24h. Os alimentos foram classificados em três grupos de acordo com o grau de processamento industrial: (1) alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, ingredientes culinários e preparações a base desses alimentos; (2) alimentos processados; (3) alimentos ultraprocessados. Ademais, foram coletadas informações de peso e altura dos estudantes, com posterior cálculo de índice de massa corporal/idade para avaliação do estado nutricional conforme o sexo. Foram realizados os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson, Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, adotando o valor de p<0,05. Resultados A amostra foi composta por 804 adolescentes, com predomínio do sexo feminino (57,5%). Entre os adolescentes, 29,9% das meninas e 26,1% dos meninos apresentaram excesso de peso. Observou-se diferença no consumo diário de alimentos prontos de sabor doce, sendo maior no sexo feminino (26,2%) quando comparado ao masculino (18,1%), ao passo que o consumo de refrigerantes de uma a quatro vezes na semana foi de 47,2% e 55,6% nas meninas e meninos, respectivamente (p<0,05). Maior consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados foi observado no sexo feminino (p=0,02) e de alimentos processados no sexo masculino (p=0,008). Conclusão Verificou-se elevada contribuição proveniente do grupo dos alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta dos adolescentes de escolas públicas, com altas prevalências de excesso de peso em ambos os sexos.

Association between maternal dietary intake classified according to its degree of processing and sex-specific birth weight for gestational age / Associação entre o consumo alimentar materno na gravidez de acordo com o grau de processamento e peso ao nascer segundo a idade gestacional e sexo

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the association between the maternal diet, according to the degree of processing of food consumption, and birth weight for gestational age and sex. Methods A cross-sectional study with 300 women was conducted from February 2009 to 2011 from a maternity ward in Mesquita, Rio de Janeiro. The outcome was based on sex-specific birth weight for gestational age: small, adequate, or large. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate the food consumption during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy. The food intake was classified into three groups according to the degree of processing: 1) unprocessed or minimally processed foods and culinary ingredients (oil, fats, salt, and sugar), 2) processed foods, and 3) ultra-processed foods. Descriptive analyses were made to assess the tertiles of the percentage of energy intake of each food group on the outcome and on maternal and infant characteristics. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to test the association of the tertiles of food according to the degree of processing on the outcome (adequate, small, or large birth weight for gestational age and sex). Results The analysis of the food frequency questionnaire from the 300 women indicated that the mean percentage of kcal consumed from unprocessed and minimally processed food and culinary ingredients was 54.0%, while the percentages of energy from processed foods and ultra-processed foods were 2.0% and 44.0%, respectively. The highest tertile of consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed food and culinary ingredients had a protective effect on the prevalence of newborn large for gestational weight in relation to the lowest (OR: 0.13; 95% IC: 0.02 to 0.89; p=0.04). Conclusion High consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed food and culinary ingredients during the last six months of pregnancy might be a protective factor against having a newborn large for gestational weight when compared to mothers with the lowest consumption.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a associação da dieta materna de acordo com o grau de processamento dos alimentos e o peso ao nascer segundo a idade gestacional e sexo. Métodos Estudo transversal com 300 mulheres captadas entre os meses de fevereiro de 2009 e 2011. Utilizou-se a classificação do peso ao nascer segundo sexo e idade gestacional para caracterizar os desfechos: pequeno, adequado ou grande. O questionário de frequência alimentar estimou o consumo durante o 2º e 3º trimestres da gestação. Os alimentos foram classificados segundo o grau de processamento: 1) alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e ingredientes culinários (óleos, gordura, sal e açúcar), 2) alimentos processados e 3) alimentos ultraprocessados. Os tercis de energia das categorias descritas acima foram distribuídos segundo o desfecho e as características maternas e do recém-nascido. Adotou-se a regressão logística multinomial para analisar a associação do consumo de alimentos segundo o grau de processamento sobre os desfechos do peso ao nascer segundo a idade gestacional e o sexo (pequeno, adequado ou grande). Resultados A análise do questionário de frequência do consumo alimentar das 300 mulheres indicou que a contribuição de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e ingredientes culinários foi de 54,0%, enquanto que os percentuais dos grupos de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados foram 2,0% e 44,0%, respectivamente. O maior tercil de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e ingredientes culinários obteve efeito protetor para a prevalência de recém-nascidos grandes para a idade gestacional e o sexo em relação ao menor tercil (OR: 0,13; IC 95%: 0,02;0,89; p=0,04). Conclusão O maior consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e ingredientes culinários durante a gestação pode ser um fator de proteção contra a ocorrência de recém-nascidos grandes para a idade gestacional e o sexo quando comparado com mães classificadas no menor tercil de consumo.

Quantity and variety of food groups consumption and the risk of diabetes in adults: A prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence remains inconsistent regarding the association between quantity of food groups and diabetes, and remains scarce regarding the relation of dietary diversity with diabetes. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the prospective relation of variety and quantity of 12 major food groups with new-onset diabetes. METHODS: A total of 16,117 participants who were free of diabetes at baseline from China Health and Nutrition Survey were included. Dietary intake and variety score were measured by three consecutive 24-h dietary recalls combined with a household food inventory in each survey round. The study outcome was new-onset diabetes, defined as self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes during the follow-up period. Cox proportional hazards models and restricted cubic spline analysis were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and dose-response relation, respectively. RESULTS: During a median follow-up duration of 9.0 years, a total of 1088 (6.7%) participants developed new-onset diabetes. Overall, there was a significant inverse association between dietary variety score and the risk of new-onset diabetes (per one point increment; HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.80-0.90). In addition, there were U-shaped associations of refined grains, whole grains, nuts, red meat, poultry, processed meat, dairy products, and aquatic products intake with diabetes, and L-shaped associations of legumes, vegetables, fruits, and eggs intake with diabetes (all P values for nonlinearity <0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that greater variety of food groups consumption was associated with significantly lower risk of new-onset diabetes. Furthermore, when the quantity of food groups intakes was relatively low, there was a negative correlation between the quantity of each different food group consumption and diabetes risk; however, when intake exceeded certain thresholds, the risks of new-onset diabetes increased or reached a plateau.

Effect of Gut Microbial Enterotypes on the Association between Habitual Dietary Fiber Intake and Insulin Resistance Markers in Mexican Children and Adults.

Dietary fiber (DF) is a major substrate for the gut microbiota that contributes to metabolic health. Recent studies have shown that diet-metabolic phenotype effect might be related to individual gut microbial profiles or enterotypes. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine whether microbial enterotypes modify the association between DF intake and metabolic traits. This cross-sectional study included 204 children (6-12 years old) and 75 adults (18-60 years old). Habitual DF intake was estimated with a Food Frequency Questionnaire and biochemical, clinical and anthropometric data were obtained. Gut microbiota was assessed through 16S sequencing and participants were stratified by enterotypes. Correlations adjusting for age and sex were performed to test the associations between dietary fiber components intake and metabolic traits. In children and adults from the Prevotella enterotype, a nominal negative correlation of hemicellulose intake with insulin and HOMA-IR levels was observed (p < 0.05), while in individuals of the other enterotypes, these associations were not observed. Interestingly, the latter effect was not related to the fecal short-chain-fatty acids profile. Our results contribute to understanding the enterotype influence on the diet-phenotype interaction, which ultimate could provide evidence for their use as potential biomarkers for future precision nutrition strategies.

Assessment of Plant Sterols in the Diet of Adult Polish Population with the Use of a Newly Developed Database.

Plant sterols are compounds with multiple biological functions, mainly cholesterol-reducing. There are no comprehensive databases on plant sterols, which makes it difficult to estimate their intake in the Polish population. This work attempted to use international food databases, additionally supplemented by scientific data from the literature, to create a database of plant sterols, which would cover various kinds of foods and dishes consumed in Poland. The aim was to assess the size and sources of dietary plant sterols in the adult population of Poland. The literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify possible sources of published food composition data for plant sterols. The study group consisted of 5690 participants of the WOBASZ II survey. We identified 361 dietary sources of plant sterols based on the consumption of foods and dishes reported by participants. Cereals and fats provided 61% of the total plant sterols, and together with vegetables and fruits, this totaled 80%. The median intake of plant sterols in the Polish population was 255.96 mg/day, and for men and women 291.76 and 230.61 mg/day, respectively. Canola oil provided the most plant sterols at 16.92%, followed by white bread at 16.65% and soft margarine at 8.33%. The study found that plant sterol intake in Poland is comparable to other populations, and women's diets are more dense in plant sterols. Due to the lack of literature sources on plant sterol content in some foods, future studies should expand and complete the databases on plant sterol content in foods.

Moderating Effects of Parental Feeding Practices and Emotional Eating on Dietary Intake among Overweight African American Adolescents.

This study examined the effects of parental feeding practices and adolescent emotional eating (EE) on dietary outcomes among overweight African American adolescents. Based on Family Systems Theory, it was hypothesized that parental feeding practices, such as parental monitoring and responsibility, would buffer the effects of EE on poor dietary quality, whereas practices such as concern about a child's weight, restriction, and pressure-to-eat would exacerbate this relationship. Adolescents (N = 127; Mage = 12.83 ± 1.74; MBMI% = 96.61 ± 4.14) provided baseline data from the Families Improving Together (FIT) for Weight Loss trial and an ancillary study. Dietary outcomes (fruit and vegetables (F&Vs), energy intake, sweetened beverage, total fat, and saturated fat) were assessed using random 24-h dietary recalls. Validated surveys were used to assess adolescent-reported EE and parental feeding practices. Results demonstrated a significant interaction between EE and parental monitoring (adjusted analyses; B = 0.524, SE = 0.176, p = 0.004), restriction (B = -0.331, SE = 0.162, p = 0.043), and concern (B = -0.602, SE = 0.171, p = 0.001) on F&V intake; under high monitoring, low restriction, and low concern, EE was positively associated with F&V intake. There were no significant effects for the other dietary outcomes. These findings indicate that parental feeding practices and EE may be important factors to consider for dietary interventions, specifically for F&V intake, among overweight African American adolescents.

Dietary Intake and Anthropometric Measurement at Age 36 Months Among Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Children in Australia: A Secondary Analysis of the Baby Teeth Talk Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Interventions to reduce early childhood caries should be examined for their effects on anthropometry given their design to improve children's diets. Objective: To compare the outcomes of dietary intake, anthropometric measurements, and blood pressure measurements between children at age 36 months in the immediate intervention group vs those in the delayed intervention group. Design, Setting, and Participants: This secondary analysis was a follow-up to the 2-group Baby Teeth Talk randomized clinical trial conducted across the state of South Australia, Australia. Participants were Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander children and their caregivers who were randomized to the immediate intervention group or delayed intervention group. The intervention was provided from February 1, 2011, to May 31, 2012. The prespecified follow-up when the participating children were aged 36 months was conducted from November 1, 2014, to February 28, 2016, in participant homes or public locations. Data were analyzed from October 5, 2018, to April 29, 2019. Interventions: The immediate intervention group received the intervention during pregnancy and at 6, 12, and 18 months of age. The delayed intervention group received the intervention at 24, 30, and 36 months of age. Both groups received an intervention consisting of free dental care for mothers, fluoride varnish on children's teeth, anticipatory guidance on oral health and dietary advice, and motivational interviewing. Main Outcomes and Measures: Dietary intake was measured with a caregiver-completed, 17-item food frequency questionnaire. Frequency of consumption of discretionary foods and beverages were the main dietary outcomes. Children's weight, height, and mid-upper arm circumference were measured and converted to age- and sex-specific z scores. Body mass index z score was the main anthropometric outcome. Results: A total of 330 children were followed up to age 36 months among the 448 mothers and 454 children who were randomized to the 2 groups. At baseline, the women had a mean (SD) age of 24.9 (5.9) years, and the children had a mean (SD) weight of 3.3 (0.6) kilograms at birth, and 205 were boys (46%); sex was not recorded for 63 children (14%). Diet outcomes were similar between the groups. For example, the mean (SD) intake of discretionary beverages by the immediate intervention group was similar to that by the delayed intervention group (507 [536] mL/d vs 520 [546] mL/d; adjusted mean difference [MD], -16 [95% CI, -133 to 102] mL/d; P = .79). Height was similar between the 2 groups, but the mean (SD) z scores of weight (0.7 [1.0] vs 0.4 [1.0]; adjusted MD, 0.3 [95% CI, 0.1-0.5]; P = .02), arm circumference (1.6 [1.0] vs 1.3 [0.9]; adjusted MD, 0.2 [95% CI, 0.1-0.5]; P = .03), and body mass index (1.1 [1.1] vs 0.9 [0.9]; adjusted MD, 0.2 [95% CI, 0.0-0.4]; P = .04) were higher in the immediate intervention group than the delayed intervention group. Conclusions and Relevance: This study found no differences in dietary intakes between children who received an intervention to reduce dental caries early and those who received it later. At age 36 months, children in the immediate intervention group had greater z scores for weight, arm circumference, and body mass index than their counterparts in the delayed intervention group, suggesting a potential implication of oral health interventions for anthropometric outcomes. Trial Registration: ANZCTR Identifier: ACTRN12611000111976.

Racial/ethnic differences in dietary intake among a diverse sample of adolescents: An experimental study.

BACKGROUND: African-American (AA) and Hispanic/Latina (HL) females have higher obesity prevalence than do non-Hispanic Whites (NHW); this may be due to AA and HL consuming more energy-dense foods in response to stressors. OBJECTIVES: This study examined racial/ethnic differences in dietary intake under controlled conditions (relaxation and stress) in a diverse sample of adolescent females. METHODS: Participants included 120 adolescent females (30% AA, 37% HL and 33% NHW) who participated in a laboratory food intake study. Using a randomized cross-over design, ad libitum food consumption was measured following control/relaxation and social-evaluative stress conditions. Food intake was indexed as consumed calories, added sugars and solid fats. RESULTS: The effect of laboratory conditions on food intake varied by race/ethnicity, such that AA consumed more energy following relaxation than following stress. For NHW and HL, food intake did not differ between conditions. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, these findings are the first to directly observe racial/ethnic differences in food intake in response to acute stress, which may contribute to obesity-related health disparities.

Infant and Early Child Appetite Traits and Child Weight and Obesity Risk in Low-Income Hispanic Families.

BACKGROUND: Child appetite traits (ATs) are associated with later child weight and obesity risk. Less research has focused on ATs in low-income Hispanic children or included longitudinal associations with infant weight. OBJECTIVE: To determine stability of ATs during infancy and childhood and their relationship with subsequent weight and obesity risk at age 3 years among low-income Hispanic children. DESIGN: A secondary longitudinal analysis of data from the Starting Early Program randomized controlled obesity prevention trial. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Three hundred twenty-two low-income, Hispanic mother-child pairs enrolled between 2012 and 2014 in a public hospital in New York City. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ATs, including Slowness in Eating, Satiety Responsiveness, Food Responsiveness, and Enjoyment of Food were assessed using the Baby and Child Eating Behavior Questionnaires at ages 3 months, 2 years, and 3 years. Main outcome measures were child standardized weight-for-age z score (WFAz) and obesity risk (WFA≥95th percentile) at age 3 years. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: AT stability was assessed using correlations and multilevel modeling. Linear and logistic regression analyses examined associations between ATs and child WFAz and obesity risk at age 3 years. RESULTS: There was limited stability for all ATs measured over time. During infancy, Slowness in Eating was associated with lower 3-year WFAz (B = -0.18, 95% CI -0.33 to -0.04; P = 0.01). At age 2 years, Slowness in Eating and Satiety Responsiveness were associated with lower WFAz (B = -0.29, 95% CI -0.47 to -0.12; P < 0.01; B = -0.36, 95% CI -0.55 to -0.17; P < 0.01) and obesity risk (adjusted odds ratio 0.49, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.85; adjusted odds ratio 0.61, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.99) at 3 years. Increased Slowness in Eating and Satiety Responsiveness over time were associated with lower 3-year WFAz (B = -0.74, 95% CI -1.18 to -0.2 [Slowness in Eating]; B = -1.19, 95% CI -1.87 to -0.52 [Satiety Responsiveness], both P values = 0.001). Higher Enjoyment of Food over time was associated with higher 3-year WFAz (B = 0.62, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.01; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Infants with lower Slowness in Eating and Satiety Responsiveness may have higher levels of obesity risk and need more tailored approaches to nutrition counseling and obesity prevention.

The Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Response of Pasta in Chinese and Indians Compared to Asian Carbohydrate Staples: Taking Spaghetti Back to Asia.

In this study, we compared the metabolic properties of the Asian staples rice and noodles, which are typically high in glycaemic index (GI), to two types of spaghetti. It is hypothesised that pasta can be a healthy replacement, particularly amongst the Asian population. Thirty Chinese and Indian subjects (17 men, 13 women; BMI: 18.5-25 kg/m2) participated in this randomised crossover trial. On seven occasions, they consumed a glucose reference drink (3 times), white rice, wheat-based mee pok noodles, semolina spaghetti and wholegrain spaghetti. Blood samples were taken to measure glucose and insulin response over a period of 3 h. The current evaluation showed that semolina spaghetti and wholegrain spaghetti can be classified as low GI products, with a GI of 53 and 54, respectively, significantly lower than wheat based mee pok noodles (74) and rice (80) (p < 0.005). In addition, both spaghettis had a lower insulin response compared to rice (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was no difference in glucose or insulin response between semolina and wholegrain spaghetti. After controlling for gender, ethnicity, fat and fat free mass (kg), the glucose and insulin results did not change. In conclusion, wheat-based pasta can be helpful to modify the carbohydrate-rich Asian diet. Notably, there was no effect of gender, ethnicity and body composition on the glycaemic and insulinaemic response. We speculate that the starch-protein structure as a result of the spaghetti production process is a major driver of its favourable metabolic properties.